About Shigella and Shigella Blog Updated
About Shigella and its companion Shigella Blog were updated once again after extensive revisions by experts in the field and the staff and lawyers at Marler Clark, LLP PS, the only law firm in the United States that focuses its entire practice on foodborne illness litigation.
Shigella is a family of bacteria that can cause sudden and severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in humans. Shigellosis – the illness caused by the ingestion of Shigella bacteria – is also known as bacillary dysentery. It can occur after ingestion of fewer than 100 bacteria, making Shigella one of the most communicable and severe forms of the bacterial-induced diarrheas.
Shigella thrives in the human intestine and is commonly spread both through food and by person-to-person contact. Most Shigella infections are passed through the fecal-oral route. This happens when basic hygiene and handwashing habits are inadequate and can happen during certain types of sexual activity. Transmission is particularly likely to occur among toddlers who are not fully toilet-trained. Family members and playmates of such children are at high risk of becoming infected.
Food may become contaminated by infected food handlers who don’t wash their hands with soap after using the bathroom. Vegetables can become contaminated if they are harvested from a field with sewage in it. Flies can breed in infected feces and then contaminate food.
Water may become contaminated with Shigella bacteria if sewage goes into it or if someone with shigellosis swims in or plays with the water (especially in splash tables, untreated wading pools, or shallow play fountains used by daycare centers). Shigella infections can then be acquired by drinking, swimming in, or playing with the contaminated water.
The number of shigellosis cases reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has varied over the past several years, from more than 17,000 during 1978–2003, to an all-time low of 14,000 in 2004, to almost 20,000 in 2007. Many cases go undiagnosed and/or unreported, however. The CDC estimates that 450,000 total cases of shigellosis occur in the U.S. every year.
Shigella is the third most common pathogen transmitted through food. During 2006, a total of 1,270 foodborne-related outbreaks from 48 states in the U.S. were reported. Although Shigella was responsible for only 10 (1%) of those outbreaks, 183 confirmed cases of shigellosis were reported. This contrasts with an average of 659 cases annually in the previous five years. Shigella has also responsible for a substantial portion of foodborne outbreaks on cruise ships.
Shigella Still Spreading in St. Louis Day Care Centers
According to the Post-Dispatch, for the second time in two months, St. Louis city health officials have issued an alert about outbreaks of highly contagious intestinal bacteria that are usually spread by children.
There have been 148 cases of shigellosis in 2009, compared with 11 cases by this date last year, according to the St. Louis City Department of Health. Missouri reports 647 cases this year compared with the yearly average of 604. Illinois has not reported any shigellosis outbreaks this year.
Shigellosis infection is marked by fever, stomach cramps and diarrhea that can be bloody. Most infections resolve without treatment within a week, although antibiotics may be effective in treating severe cases.
Most of the illnesses are linked to day-care centers and schools, health officials reported. Children ages 4 and younger are most commonly infected.
Shigella can live in feces and is typically spread when people don't wash their hands properly after using the bathroom or changing diapers.
Health officials recommend washing hands frequently and thoroughly with warm water and soap. Children should be supervised when washing hands. Disinfecting toys, eating surfaces and toilets or diaper changing areas can also help prevent the spread of the bacteria.
Childcare-associated Shigellosis outbreak clues researchers into best treatment, management strategies
Enforcing simple hygiene strategies in childcare centers can help limit Shigellosis transmission and may combat growing antimicrobial-resistance patterns among these organisms, according to CDC and Missouri State Department of Health and Senior Services officials who investigated a Shigella sonnei outbreak that affected 693 people and spanned 44 licensed daycare facilities in northwest Missouri from May to October 2005.
Surveillance data revealed that 300 of the 639 people who became ill reported childcare-center exposure, with 176 patients reporting either employment or attendance at a childcare center, and 112 reporting household contact with a childcare-center employee or attendee.
Childcare centers that lacked a hand-washing station in every room, and those that enrolled diapered children without providing a diapering station in every room were at greater risk for spreading the disease among attendees, according to a case-control comparison.
Current state regulations do not permit the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in Missouri childccare centers, according to the researchers, despite evidence that these products can decrease enteric illness and complement hand-washing policies.
Several additional Missouri health requirements also have officials concerned. School exclusion policies require two consecutive negative cultures for children to return to childcare, rather than a single negative culture or symptom resolution. The researchers believe this policy may “implicitly encourage antimicrobial treatment in children who attend daycare centers and may result in unnecessary adverse drug events in children and increase antimicrobial resistance among enteric and respiratory pathogens.”
Among the 31 outbreak isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, 95% were resistant to ampicillin, 90% were resistant to trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and 90% were resistant to both antibiotics — the two most commonly recommended for empiric treatment in children until recently.
During this outbreak azithromycin was used most often, administered to 44% (n=92) of the 210 children aged 18 or younger who were prescribed an antibiotic. Cephalosporin was the next most commonly prescribed (27%, n=57), followed by fluoroquinolones (5%, n=11), ampicillin (2%, n=3) and an unknown antimicrobial (7%, n=15).
“Given the current frequency of resistance to ampicillin and trimethroprim sulfamethoxazole among S. sonnei strains, the uncertain safety of administering fluoroquinolones to children, the difficulties in monitoring azithromycin resistance and the lack of an appropriate vaccine, public health measures should focus on prevention of shigellosis outbreaks through appropriate hygiene practices and, where possible and allowed by state regulations cohorting convalescing children in daycare centers,” the researchers wrote.
Arvelo W. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:976-980.
Bacteriophages to be used by Army to kill Shigella
An émigré scientist from the former Soviet Union is working to develop a new treatment for diarrhea based on a century-old remedy commonly used in his former homeland. Alexander Sulakvelidze, chief scientist for privately held Baltimore biotech Intralytix, says the bacteriophage-based probiotic preparation shows promise for managing shigella infections, a "significant worldwide cause of diarrheal disease" — and apparently the U.S. Army agrees. Bacteriophages — highly specific viruses that infect bacteria — may be used to target "problem" bacterial species in the human gastrointestinal tract, according to Sulakvelidze.
The company recently received a $100,000 phase 1 Small Business Technology Transfer grant from the Pentagon to develop the treatment, an alternative to antibiotics. Shigella are "major gastrointestinal tract pathogens of particular concern" to the Army because U.S. troops are often stationed in countries where the disease is widespread, said Sulakvelidze, the company's principal investigator for the contract, in a statement.
There are about 164.7 million cases of shigellosis worldwide, almost entirely in developing nations, according to the World Health Organization. About half a million visitors from industrialized nations to developing nations contract the infection annually, and about 1.1 million people die from it each year, 61 percent of whom are children younger than 5. There is no vaccine for shigellosis, and some strains of it have developed resistance to antibiotics, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
NIH Grants $2.87M for Development of Treatment for C. difficile and Shigella Gastrointestinal Infections
NIH has awarded a group of researchers $2.87 million for preclinical development of an oral drug to treat C. difficile and Shigella.
The consortium is led by Brigham Young University (BYU) and includes SRI International, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), and McMaster University. CSA-13 is based on Ceragenin™ technology, which is a class of antimicrobial compounds that mimic functions of the body’s own innate immune system.
The technology was invented by Paul B. Savage, Ph.D., Reed Izatt professor at BYU, and was exclusively licensed to Ceragenix. The company is using the Ceragenin platform to formulate Cerashield™ antimicrobial coatings for medical devices. In March the firm reported that the NIH had granted the University of Utah $1.66 million to evaluate a Cerashield coating to reduce orthopedic implant infections.
“We are very pleased that the NIH sees potential in our technology as an oral drug to treat these dangerous infections,” says Steve Porter, chairman and CEO of Ceragenix. “We believe that the NIH funded research activities will be synergistic with our development efforts on antimicrobial medical device coatings.”
When Should Baby Drink The Water? Seems There Is Less To Fear Than Some Think
Shigella, along with Salmonella and Cholera, were each responsible for one of the 30 drinking water outbreaks back in the 1993-94 period studied by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It found those outbreaks, including 20 from private water wells, were responsible for 2,366 illnesses and one death.
Nothing in the CDC report has anything to do with whether or not babies should drink water. Nevertheless, the report was thrown against the wall this morning in the New York Times as part of a discussion about whether it is safe for babies to drink water.
Dr. Alan Greene, a Danville, CA pediatrician and author, cautions parents against letting baby drink water. Greene, who has his own Web site, says wait until the baby is eating solid food and even then limit water intake to 2 to 4 ounces between feedings.
As for encephalitis, babies will not get it from drinking water from a public supply in the United States. He advises using “absolute pore size” filters to remove Crypto and other parasites. If you have a baby or want one, check out the NYT for the rest.
Baltimore Bio Tech Company Gets Army Contract To Fight Shigella
Intralytix Inc. announced last week that it has been awarded a contract from the United States Army to develop a bacteriophage-based food safety product for reducing or eliminating contamination from pathogenic Salmonella and Shigella spp.
The product would be used to eliminate or significantly reduce contamination of fruits, vegetables and other food products.
Intralytix Inc is a Baltimore-based biotechnology company focused on improving human health through the development and commercialization of innovative products for food safety and human therapeutics using its core bacteriophage (or phage) technology platform.
“We are very pleased with the award because it helps to enrich Intralytix’s portfolio of phage-based, food safety products, and it demonstrates the confidence that the U.S. Army has in Intralytix’s leadership in developing bacteriophage-based preparations for food safety applications for military and civilian populations,” stated Dr. Alexander Sulakvelidze, Intralytix’s Vice-President for Research and Development and Chief Scientist.
For more see the company’s press release.
World Health Organization Calls Shigella "Endemic Throughout The World"
The World Health Organization says Shigellosis is endemic throughout the world.
Worldwide there are approximately 164.7 million cases, of which 163.2 million in developing countries and 1.5 million in industrialized countries.
Each year 1.1 million people are estimated to die from Shigella infection and 580, 000 cases of shigellosis are reported among travellers from industrialized countries.
A total of 69 percent of all episodes and 61 percent of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involve children less than 5 years of age.
See what else WHO has on Shigella here.
Shigella So Common It Makes Top Three Among Food-borne Illnesses
Shigella was the third most common food-borne illness in the United States during 2008, according to the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC's Emerging Infections Program, which collects data from 10 U.S. states.
The number of infections and incidence per 100,000 population were reported as follows:
- Salmonella (7,444; 16.20),
- Campylobacter (5,825; 12.68),
- Shigella (3,029; 6.59),
- Cryptosporidium (1,036; 2.25),
- STEC O157 (513; 1.12),
- STEC non-O157 (205; 0.45),
- Yersinia (164; 0.36),
- Listeria (135; 0.29),
- Vibrio (131; 0.29),
- and Cyclospora (17; 0.04).
See the chart below for details. Go here for details on the study.
